Catéter de arteria pulmonar en shock cardiogénico: novedades acerca de su valor pronóstico y marcadores derivados

El uso del catéter de arteria pulmonar es un método eficaz para la monitorización de los pacientes críticos. Aunque ampliamente utilizado en las Unidades de Cuidados Críticos Cardiológicos, no se ha demostrado en estudios previos el beneficio de su uso. Registros recientes y numerosos en pacientes graves cursando shock cardiogénico muestran un beneficio en términos de mortalidad asociada, sobre todo relacionado con una adecuada interpretación. Además, nuevos parámetros relacionados con insuficiencia ventricular como son el poder cardíaco y el índice de pulsatilidad de arteria pulmonar, así como el conocimiento de las presiones de llenado ventriculares, tanto izquierdas, como derechas, ayudan en la toma de decisiones, las opciones de tratamiento y estimación del pronóstico. Complementando lo anterior, la modernización en la tecnología del catéter de arteria pulmonar permite la medición del gasto cardíaco de forma continua a través de un sistema termodilución integrada. Este sistema también permite la monitorización más precisa del ventrículo derecho por medio de la valoración continua de su fracción de eyección y volumen de fin de diástole. La información obtenida por medio del catéter de arteria pulmonar en shock cardiogénico ha llevado a que su uso comience a ser cada vez más frecuente en unidades de cuidados críticos cardiológicos y que se empleen estos valores por equipos de shock cardiogénico para la toma de decisiones complejas. La evidencia descrita sobre el valor pronóstico relacionada al uso del catéter de arteria pulmonar se resume en esta revisión.

The pulmonary artery catheter is an effective tool for monitoring critically ill patients; however, the evidence showed limited value and a posible increased risk. Recently, numerous registries in critical ill patients in cardiogenic shock have shown a benefit in mortality, especially related to an adequate interpretation of findings. In addition, new parameters related to ventricular failure, such as cardiac power output and pulmonary artery pulsatility index have shown to be useful for a better treatment and estimation of prognosis. Besides, determination of filling pressures (right and/or left side) have an important role in terms of prognosis and management. Advances in pulmonary artery catheter technology allows us to continuously measure cardiac output through an integrated thermodilution system. This system also allows the continuous assessment of right ventricular ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume. The information obtained has led to an increased use of the pulmonary artery catheter monitoring in cardiac Intensive Care Units allowing improvements in treatment and complex decision-making.

Current Use of the Pulmonary Artery Catheter and Related Complications during Cardiac Surgery in Japan : a Questionnaire Survey / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A recent fatal accident related to the use of the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) promoted us to conduct a questionnaire survey to assess the current use of the PAC and its complications during cardiac surgery. Methods : A 10-item questionnaire was distributed to all board-certified cardiovascular surgery centers in Japan. Five hundred thirty-two questionnaires were distributed and 325 (61.1%) were returned. Results : Seventy-two percents of hospitals used the PAC in more than 90% of cases, while only 17% used it less than 50% of the time. Indication of its use was not clearly determined in 52% of hospitals. Entrapment of the PAC was experienced in 28% of centers in the last 10 years, and its incidence was calculated as 0.07%. At a quarter of hospitals, checking for PAC to confirm absence of entrapment was not performed during the operation. Pulmonary artery rupture occurred at 22% of hospitals, and its incidence was 0.05%. Agreements on handling PAC to prevent cardiac injury or pulmonary artery rupture were not made in 24 and 56% of hospitals respectively. Conclusion : These data demonstrate that in many of the cardiac surgery centers in Japan, the PAC is still routinely used. Serious complications including catheter entrapment and pulmonary artery injury were encountered in a substantial number of patients. Development of guidelines for PAC during cardiac surgery to limit its use to patients with clear benefits and prevent related complications is warranted.

Monitorizacion del gasto cardiaco con ecocardiografia transtoracica y cateter de Swan Ganz. Estudio comparativo en pacientes en ventilacion mecanica con presión positiva espiratoria final elevada / Cardiac output measured by transthoracic echocardiography and Swan-Ganz catheter. A comparative study in mechanically ventilated patients with high positive end-expiratory pressure

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar las medidas de gasto cardiaco por ecocardiografía transtorácica y por catéter arterial pulmonar en pacientes en ventilación mecánica con presión positiva al final de la espiración elevada. Evaluar el efecto de la insuficiencia tricúspide. Métodos: Se estudiaron 16 pacientes en ventilación mecánica. El gasto cardiaco se midió con el catéter arterial pulmonar y por ecocardiografía transtorácica. Las medidas se realizaron en diferentes niveles de presión positiva al final de la espiración (10cmH2O, 15cmH2O, y 20cmH2O). Se evalúo el efecto de la insuficiencia tricúspide sobre la medida de gasto cardiaco. Se estudió el coeficiente de correlación intraclase; el error medio y los límites de concordancia se estudiaron con el diagrama de Bland-Altman. Se calculó el porcentaje de error. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 44 pares de medidas de gasto cardiaco. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,908, p < 0,001; el error medio fue 0,44L/min para valores de gasto cardíaco entre 5 a 13L/min. Los límites de concordancia se encontraron entre 3,25L/min y -2,37L/min. Con insuficiencia tricúspide el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue 0,791, sin insuficiencia tricúspide el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue 0,935. La presencia de insuficiencia tricúspide aumentó el porcentaje de error de 32 % a 52%. Conclusiones: En pacientes con presión positiva al final de la espiración elevada la medida de gasto cardiaco por ecocardiografía transtorácica es comparable con catéter arterial pulmonar. La presencia de insuficiencia tricúspide influye en el coeficiente de correlación intraclase. En pacientes con presión positiva al final de la espiración elevada, el uso de ecocardiografía transtorácica para medir gasto cardiaco es comparable con las medidas invasivas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare cardiac output measurements by transthoracic echocardiography and a pulmonary artery catheter in mechanically ventilated patients with high positive end-expiratory pressure. To evaluate the effect of tricuspid regurgitation. Methods: Sixteen mechanically ventilated patients were studied. Cardiac output was measured by pulmonary artery catheterization and transthoracic echocardiography. Measurements were performed at different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (10cmH2O, 15cmH2O, and 20cmH2O). The effect of tricuspid regurgitation on cardiac output measurement was evaluated. The intraclass correlation coefficient was studied; the mean error and limits of agreement were studied with the Bland-Altman plot. The error rate was calculated. Results: Forty-four pairs of cardiac output measurements were obtained. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.908 was found (p < 0.001). The mean error was 0.44L/min for cardiac output values between 5 and 13L/min. The limits of agreement were 3.25L/min and -2.37L/min. With tricuspid insufficiency, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.791, and without tricuspid insufficiency, 0.935. Tricuspid insufficiency increased the error rate from 32% to 52%. Conclusions: In patients with high positive end-expiratory pressure, cardiac output measurement by transthoracic echocardiography is comparable to that with a pulmonary artery catheter. Tricuspid regurgitation influences the intraclass correlation coefficient. In patients with high positive end-expiratory pressure, the use of transthoracic echocardiography to measure cardiac output is comparable to invasive measures.

Transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of cardiac output in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients by intensive care unit physicians / Avaliação ecocardiográfica transtorácica do débito cardíaco feita por médicos da unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes críticos sob ventilação mecânica

Abstract Background and objectives: Transthoracic echocardiography may potentially be useful to obtain a prompt, accurate and non-invasive estimation of cardiac output. We evaluated whether non-cardiologist intensivists may obtain accurate and reproducible cardiac output determination in hemodynamically unstable mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: We studied 25 hemodynamically unstable mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients with a pulmonary artery catheter in place. Cardiac output was calculated using the pulsed Doppler transthoracic echocardiography technique applied to the left ventricular outflow tract in apical 5 chamber view by two intensive care unit physicians who had received a basic Transthoracic Echocardiography training plus a specific training focused on Doppler, left ventricular outflow tract and velocity-time integral determination. Results: Cardiac output assessment by transthoracic echocardiography was feasible in 20 out of 25 enrolled patients (80%) and showed an excellent inter-operator reproducibility (Pearson correlation test r = 0.987; Cohen's K = 0.840). Overall, the mean bias was 0.03 L.min-1, with limits of agreement -0.52 and +0.57 L.min-1. The concordance correlation coefficient (ρc) was 0.986 (95% IC 0.966-0.995) and 0.995 (95% IC 0.986-0.998) for physician 1 and 2, respectively. The value of accuracy (Cb) of COTTE measurement was 0.999 for both observers. The value of precision (ρ) of COTTE measurement was 0.986 and 0.995 for observer 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions: A specific training focused on Doppler and VTI determination added to the standard basic transthoracic echocardiography training allowed non-cardiologist intensive care unit physicians to achieve a quick, reproducible and accurate snapshot cardiac output assessment in the majority of mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A ecocardiografia transtorácica pode ser potencialmente útil para obter uma estimativa rápida, precisa e não invasiva do débito cardíaco. Avaliamos se os intensivistas não cardiologistas podem obter uma determinação precisa e reprodutível do débito cardíaco em pacientes mecanicamente ventilados e hemodinamicamente instáveis. Métodos: Avaliamos 25 pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva, mecanicamente ventilados, hemodinamicamente instáveis, com cateteres de artéria pulmonar posicionados. O débito cardíaco foi calculado com a técnica de ecocardiografia transtorácica com Doppler pulsátil aplicada à via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo no corte apical (5-câmaras) por dois médicos intensivistas que receberam treinamento básico em ecocardiografia transtorácica e treinamento específico focado em Doppler, via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo e determinação da integral de tempo-velocidade. Resultados: A avaliação do débito cardíaco pelo ecocardiograma transtorácico foi factível em 20 dos 25 pacientes inscritos (80%) e mostrou excelente reprodutibilidade entre operadores (teste de correlação de Pearson r = 0,987; K de Cohen = 0,840). No geral, o viés médio foi de 0,03 L.min-1, com limites de concordância de -0,52 e +0,57 L.min-1. O coeficiente de correlação de concordância (ρc) foi 0,986 (95% IC 0,966-0,995) e 0,995 (95% IC 0,986-0,998) para os médicos 1 e 2, respectivamente. O valor de precisão (Cb) da mensuração de COTTE foi de 0,999 para ambos os observadores. O valor de precisão (ρ) da mensuração de COTTE foi de 0,986 e 0,995 para os observadores 1 e 2, respectivamente. Conclusões: Um treinamento específico focado na determinação do Doppler e VTI, adicionado ao treinamento padrão em ecocardiografia transtorácica básica, permitiu que médicos não cardiologistas da unidade de terapia intensiva obtivessem uma avaliação rápida, reprodutível e precisa do débito cardíaco instantâneo na maioria dos pacientes mecanicamente ventilados em unidade de terapia intensiva.

Correlación de gasto cardiaco obtenido por termodilución y por monitor ultrasónico (USCOM) en pacientes con choque séptico / Correlation of cardiac output obtained by termodulution and by ultrasonic monitor in patients with septic shock (USCOM) / Correlação do débito cardíaco obtido pela termodulação e pelo monitor ultrasônico (USCOM) em pacientes com choque septico

Resumen: El catéter en la arteria pulmonar (CAP) es un dispositivo utilizado en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) para medir las presiones en el corazón y los vasos sanguíneos pulmonares como parte del monitoreo hemodinámico, principalmente en pacientes de cirugía cardiaca. El dispositivo USCOM se trata de una técnica no invasiva que utiliza la tecnología Doppler para obtener las medidas de volumen sistólico y sus derivados. Se realiza la siguiente comparación de medición de GC entre estos dos dispositivos en pacientes con choque séptico. Se realizó un estudio tipo observacional, prospectivo, longitudinal y comparativo en pacientes con choque séptico entre 18 y 60 años de edad ingresados en la UTI en el periodo de mayo-junio del 2017. Ante la disminución del uso del catéter de la arteria pulmonar debido a la controversia de no mejorar la mortalidad en los pacientes de las unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), la colocación de dicho catéter ha caído en desuso; sin embargo, el GC medido por el catéter de Swan-Ganz sigue siendo el «estándar de oro¼ para la medición en tiempo real del GC y las resistencias sistémicas y pulmonares. La medición del GC por CAP versus USCOM se correlaciona de tal forma que puede emplearse en la medición por USCOM en un paciente con choque séptico, al cual no se le pretenda invadir para determinar sus condiciones hemodinámicas.

Abstract: The pulmonary artery catheter (CAP) is a device used in intensive care units (ICUs) to measure pressures in the heart and pulmonary blood vessels as part of hemodynamic monitoring primarily in cardiac surgery patients. The USCOM device is a non-invasive technique that uses Doppler technology to obtain measurements of systolic volume and its derivatives. The following CO measurement comparison is performed between these two devices in patients with septic shock. An observational, prospective, longitudinal and comparative study was conducted in patients with septic shock aged between 18 and 60 years admitted to intensive care in the period May-June 2017. In view of the decrease in the use of the pulmonary artery catheter due to the controversy of not improving the mortality in the patients of the Intensive Care Units, the placement of this catheter has fallen into disuse; however, cardiac output measured by the Swan Ganz catheter remains the «gold standard¼ for real-time measurement of cardiac output and systemic and pulmonary resistance. The CO measurement by PAC versus USCOM correlates, in such a way, that USCOM measurement can be used in a patient with septic shock, who is not expected to invade to determine their hemodynamic conditions.

Resumo: O cateter de artéria pulmonar (CAP) é um dispositivo utilizado em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) para medir as pressões nos vasos sanguíneos cardíacos e pulmonares, como parte da monitorização hemodinâmica, principalmente em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. O dispositivo USCOM é uma técnica não invasiva que utiliza a tecnologia Doppler para obter medidas do volume sistólico e seus derivados. A seguinte comparação da medição do DC é feita entre esses dois dispositivos em pacientes com choque séptico. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, prospectivo, longitudinal e comparativo em pacientes com choque séptico com idade entre 18 e 60 anos internados na unidade de terapia intensiva no período de maio a junho de 2017. Dada a diminuição do uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar devido à controvérsia de não melhorar a mortalidade nos pacientes das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, a colocação do referido cateter caiu em desuso; no entanto, o débito cardíaco medido pelo cateter de Swan Ganz continua sendo o «padrão ouro¼ para a medição em tempo real do débito cardíaco e resistências sistêmicas e pulmonares. A medida do DC por CAP vs USCOM está correlacionada, de tal forma que a medida por USCOM pode ser usada em um paciente com choque séptico, que não se destina a invadir para determinar suas condições hemodinâmicas.

Application of PICCO system monitoring in the treatment of severe thoracic trauma with the complication of ARDS / 中国医学装备

Objective:To observe the application of pulse indicator continuous cardiac output (PICCO) system monitoring in the treatment of patients with severe thoracic trauma with the complication of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods: 60 patients with severe thoracic trauma with complication of ARDS were randomly divided into the PICCO group (30cases) and the PAC group (30cases). The differences of PaO2/FiO2 score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score, mortality, mechanical ventilation time, ICU stay time and total treatment cost between the two groups were observed.Results: The PaO2/FiO2 of PICCO group in 1d, 3d and 7d were significantly higher than that of PAC group, respectively (t=4.46,t=3.87, t=5.15,P0.05). Conclusion: In the treatment for patients with severe thoracic trauma with ARDS, PICCO system monitoring could reduce the mechanical ventilation time, ICU stay time and total treatment costs of patients, and enhance the treatment effect of patients.

Goal-directed therapy for decompensated heart failure and renal dysfunction. A pilot randomized clinical trial / Terapia alvo-dirigida para insuficiência cardíaca descompensada e disfunção renal: um estudo-piloto clínico randomizado

OBJECTIVES: Acute heart failure is associated with low cardiac output syndrome and renal dysfunction. However, it is not known whether a goal-directed protocol guided by tightly controlled hemodynamic variables, including pulmonary artery catheter, will safely improve clinical renal dysfunction markers in these patients when compared to a less invasive approach. METHODS: Pilot, randomized clinical trial aimed at patients with known heart failure, low cardiac output syndrome and renal dysfunction with less than 48 hours from onset. We randomized two groups: (a) goal-directed therapy monitored with pulmonary artery catheter and (b) conventional therapy with central venous catheter. Hemodynamic parameters, venous oxygen saturation, serum lactate, fluid repositions and vasoactive drugs were compared considering renal function improvement after 72 hours as the primary study endpoint. We included 15 goal-directed therapy and 16 conventional therapy patients. The study has assessed patients on baseline looking for significant improvement at 72 hours of the following parameters in the goal-directed therapy and conventional therapy groups: urine output, serum creatinine, venous oxygen saturation and serum lactate. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. In the first 24 hours there was a lower volume of fluid reposition in the goal-directed therapy group, although 72 hours later such reposition was equivalent. The use of inotropic agents was similar between groups. There was an improvement to the renal function and the hemodynamic parameter in both study groups. CONCLUSIONS: The option for the protocol with pulmonary artery catheter setting is justified only if there is clinical evidence of serious pulmonary congestion associated to low peripheral perfusion.

OBJETIVOS: A Insuficiência cardíaca aguda está associada à síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco e disfunção renal. No entanto, não se sabe se o protocolo meta-dirigido guiado por variáveis hemodinâmicas rigorosamente controladas, incluindo cateter de artéria pulmonar, irá melhorar de forma segura os marcadores de disfunção renal clínica nestes pacientes, quando comparados a uma abordagem menos invasiva. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico piloto randomizado incluindo pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca conhecida, síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco e disfunção renal com menos de 48 horas de evolução. Foram randomizados dois grupos: terapia alvo-dirigida monitorada com cateter de artéria pulmonar e terapia convencional com cateter venoso central. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, a saturação venosa, o lactato sérico, o volume de reposição de fluidos e as doses de drogas vasoativas foram comparados, considerando a melhora da função renal após 72 horas como o desfecho primário do estudo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 15 pacientes no grupo de terapia alvo-dirigida e 16 pacientes em terapia convencional. As características basais foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. O estudo avaliou os seguintes parâmetros dos pacientes na linha de base e após 72 horas para os dois grupos: excreção urinária, creatinina sérica, saturação venosa de oxigênio e lactato. Nas primeiras 24 horas houve menor reposição de fluido no grupo de terapia dirigida mas, ao fim de 72 horas, a reposição tornou-se equivalente. O uso de agentes inotrópicos foi semelhante entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Houve uma melhora da função renal e dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos em ambos os grupos de estudo. A opção para o protocolo com cateter de artéria pulmonar só se justifica se houver evidência clínica de congestão pulmonar grave associada à baixa perfusão periférica.

Where does the pulmonary artery catheter float: Transesophageal echocardiography evaluation.

Background: Pulmonary artery (PA) catheter provides a variety of cardiac and hemodynamic parameters. In majority of the patients, the catheter tends to float in the right pulmonary artery (RPA) than the left pulmonary artery (LPA). We evaluated the location of PA catheter with the help of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to know the incidence of its localization. Three views were utilized for this purpose; midesophageal ascending aorta (AA) short‑axis view, modified mid esophageal aortic valve long‑axis view, and modified bicaval view. Methods: We enrolled 135 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery where both the PA catheter and TEE were to be used; for this prospective observational study. PA catheter was visualized by TEE in the above mentioned views and the degree of clarity of visualization by three views was also noted. Position of the PA catheter was further confirmed by a postoperative chest radiograph. Results: One patient was excluded from the data analysis. PA catheter was visualized in RPA in 129 patients (96%) and in LPA in 4 patients (3%). In 1 patient, the catheter was visualized in main PA in the chest radiograph. The midesophageal AA short‑axis, modified aortic valve long‑axis, and modified bicaval view provided good visualization in 51.45%, 57.4%, and 62.3% patients respectively. Taken together, PA catheter visualization was good in 128 (95.5%) patients. Conclusion: We conclude that the PA catheter has a high probability of entering the RPA as compared to LPA (96% vs. 3%) and TEE provides good visualization of the catheter in RPA.

Pulmonary hypertension due to acute respiratory distress syndrome

Our aims were to describe the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), to characterize their hemodynamic cardiopulmonary profiles, and to correlate these parameters with outcome. All consecutive patients over 16 years of age who were in the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of ARDS and an in situ pulmonary artery catheter for hemodynamic monitoring were studied. Pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed when the mean pulmonary artery pressure was >25 mmHg at rest with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure or left atrial pressure <15 mmHg. During the study period, 30 of 402 critically ill patients (7.46%) who were admitted to the ICU fulfilled the criteria for ARDS. Of the 30 patients with ARDS, 14 met the criteria for pulmonary hypertension, a prevalence of 46.6% (95% CI; 28-66%). The most common cause of ARDS was pneumonia (56.3%). The overall mortality was 36.6% and was similar in patients with and without pulmonary hypertension. Differences in patients' hemodynamic profiles were influenced by the presence of pulmonary hypertension. The levels of positive end-expiratory pressure and peak pressure were higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension, and the PaCO2 was higher in those who died. The level of airway pressure seemed to influence the onset of pulmonary hypertension. Survival was determined by the severity of organ failure at admission to the intensive care unit.

Agreement between cardiac index measured with FloTrac-Vigileo system and pulmonary artery catheter in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To determine if the cardiac index (Cl) measured with FloTrac-Vigileo system agrees with that measured with pulmonary artery catheter (PAC).Methods Forty-three ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 53-75 yr weighing 46-100 kg undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were included in this study.Anesthesia was induced with midazolam,sufentanil,propofol and rocuronium and maintained with propofol,remifentanil and atracurium.One MAC sevoflurane was inhaled at breast bone splitting and closing.Cl was measured with FloTrac-Vigileo system and PAC before,and at 5,15 min of sevoflurane inhalation and recorded.All data were compared by Bland-Altman analysis and with kappa coefficient for agreement and percentage error was calculated.Results Bland-Altman comparison of FloTrac-Vigileo system and PAC:matching data of 258 measurements:Cl (2.8 ± 0.6) L·min-1 ·m-2,bias was 0.23 L·min-1 ·m-2 and limit of agreement was (-0.57,1.02) L·min-1 ·m-2,resulting in κ =0.546 and an overall percentage error of 28.6％.Conclusion Cl values obtained by FloTrac-Vigileo system agrees well with that obtained by thermodilution technique using PAC in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

The analysis of the sensitivity and specificity by pulmonary artery catheter and transesophageal echocar-diography regarding volume responsiveness in cardiac surgery / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To analyze the sensitivity and specificity of several volume parameters regarding volume responsiveness.The studied volume parameters include pulmonary artery obstruc-tion pressure (PAOP),central venous pressure (CVP),right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RV-EDV)measured by Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter and left ventricular end-diastolic area (LVEDA),inferior vena cava diameter (IVC)measured by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods Twelve patients with ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ,scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting were studied.After anesthesia induction,the TEE probe was put into the esophagus and Swan-Ganz cathe-ter was placed in right internal jugular venous.Measurements were made at the time before cutting the skin (T0 ),20 min after divorcing from cardiopulmonary bypass or finishing vascular anastomosis in off-pump surgery(T1 ),10 min after rapid infusion (T2 )and 30 min after rapid infusion (T3 ),re-spectively.Results The values of PAOP,IVC,LVEDA,COLVOT at time T2 increased significantly compared to those at time T1 (P <0.01).No obvious correlation (r=-0.298 5、r=-0.091 8、r=-0.243 6)was observed between △CVP、△PAOP、△RVEDV and △COLVOT (the difference between T2 and T1 );Meanwhile,△IVC and △LVEDA were well correlated to △COLVOT (r= 0.445 0、r=0.612 0).Using more than 1 5% change of COLVOT after volume expansion as definition of positive re-sponse,the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of CVP,PAOP,RVEDV,IVC and LVEDA were 0.389 (95% CI 0.035-0.743 ),0.458 (95% CI 0.109-0.807 ),0.333 (95% CI 0-0.671 ), 0.903 (95% CI 0.701-1.000 ) and 0.889 (95% CI 0.661-1.000 ), respectively. Conclusion PAOP,IVC,LVEDA,CO are more sensitive to the change of volume;while CVP and RVEDV have weak responses to volume changes.This indicates that IVC and RVEDA have more ad-vantage to estimate cardiac output increase and guide volume therapy.

Dilated ascending aorta is associated with the difficulty in correct placement of pulmonary artery catheter.

The present case report highlights that a tense mega-sized aortic root and ascending aorta can mechanically resist the passage of fully inflated (1.5 ml air) balloon to wedge-trace position in the pulmonary artery. Any attempt to push the catheter rather predisposed its recoiling and rebutting into the right ventricle and the cardiac arrhythmia. Inflating continuous cardiac output catheter balloon with lesser volume of air (1 ml) is suggested to overcome this problem.

Knotting of Pulmonary Artery Catheter During Tricuspid Valve Surgery: A Case Report / 대한구급학회지

The use of pulmonary artery catheter can be helpful in managing patients after cardiac surgery. Nevertheless, there is a risk of serious complications, such as knotting. A 61 year old man underwent tricuspid valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). After implantation of a stented tissue valve in the tricuspid valve, repositioning of the catheter was performed. After weaning from CPB, an abnormal pattern of pulmonary artery pressure was suddenly observed on the monitor. Resistance was met when removing the catheter with the balloon deflated, at a 20 cm distance from the tip of the catheter. Chest radiography showed a knot in the catheter within the right brachiocephalic vein. Superior vena cava opened and the distal part of the catheter with the knot was successfully removed.

Do we need a pulmonary artery catheter in cardiac anesthesia? - An Indian perspective.

There has been considerable controversy regarding the use of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) in clinical practice. Some studies have indicated poor outcome in patients who were monitored with PAC. However, these studies, which have condemned the use of PAC, were conducted on patients in intensive care units, where the clinical scenarios with regard to patients' status are somewhat different as compared to those of a cardiac operating room. This study was designed to identify the indications of PAC use in cardiac operating rooms. A questionnaire was mailed to anasthesiologists in cardiac centers and the response was analyzed.The practicing cardiac anesthesiologists recommended the use of PAC for following indications in cardiac surgery: coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with poor left ventricular (LV) function, LV aneurysmectomy, recent myocardial infarction (MI), pulmonary hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, acute ventricular septal rupture and insertion of left ventricular assist device (LVAD).The analysis of responses from practicing anesthesiologists clearly indicates that use of a PAC cannot be recommended as a matter of routine, but a definite role is suggested in selected groups of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Detection of Pulmonary Artery Catheter Knotting by Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Case Report / 대한구급학회지

Placement of a pulmonary artery catheter is associated with various complications, including catheter knotting. Fluoroscopy can be used to visualize and confirm catheter knotting. Transesophageal echocardiography is readily available to detect knot formation in the operating room or intensive care unit. We present a case in which pulmonary artery catheter knotting was detected by transesophageal echocardiography. This method may be useful in the operating room or in the intensive care unit to identify the presence and location of catheter knotting.

Agreement between cardiac index measured with FloTrac-Vigileo system and pulmonary artery catheter in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting / 中华麻醉学杂志

ObjectiveTo determine ff the cardiac index (CI) measured with FloTrac-Vigileo system agrees with that measured with pulmonary artery catheter (PAC).MethodsForty-three ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 53-75 yr weighing 46-100 kg undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were included in this study.Anesthesia was induced with midasolam,sufentunil,propofol and rocuronium and maintained with propofol,remifentanil and atracurium.One MAC sevoflurane was inhaled at breast bone splitting and closing.CI was measured with FloTrac-Vigileo system and PAC before,and at 5,15 min of sevoflurane inhalation and recorded.All data were compared by Bland-Altman analysis and with kappa coefficient for agreement and percentage error was calculated.ResultsBland-Altman comparison of FloTrac-Vigileo system and PAC:matching data of 258 measurements:CI (2.8 ± 0.6 ) L· min - 1 · m- 2,bias was 0.23 L* min- 1 · m - 2 and limit of agreement was ( - 0.57,1.02)L · min- 1 · m- 2,resulting in κ ＝ 0.546 and an overall percentage error of 28.6 ％.ConclusionCI values obtained by FloTrac-Vigileo system agrees well with that obtained by thermodilution technique using PAC in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

A Case of Successful Hemostasis for Intraoperative Massive Endobronchial Hemorrhage after Mitral and Tricuspid Surgery / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 79-year-old woman with degenerative mitral regurgitation and secondary tricuspid regurgitation underwent mitral and tricuspid repair. Massive and intractable endobronchial hemorrhage occurred during weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Bronchoscopic examination during CPB revealed that the right distal bronchus was the probable bleeding point. We then performed a double-lumen endotracheal tube and a bronchial blocker in the distal portion of the right main bronchus. In addition, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with a heparin-coating system was performed for 11 h, without extra heparinization because of severe hypoxia. The bronchial blocker was removed 14 h later, and the patient was weaned from ECMO 19 h after admission into ICU. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the right pulmonary artery (A⁵b) corresponding with the probable site of bronchial bleeding (B⁵). We speculate that a pulmonary artery catheter induced this endobronchial hemorrhage. At 3 months after surgery the patient was doing well with no symptoms of airway bleeding, and her abnormal CT findings had disappeared.

A case of displaced pulmonary artery catheter into hepatic vein in mitral insufficiency patient: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

A 47-year-old woman was scheduled for mitral valvoplasty. Before induction of anesthesia, a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) was placed via right internal jugular vein. Central venous pressure or right atrial pressure was traced until about 60 cm of PAC insertion and right ventricular pressure curve appeared without arrhythmias. We withdrew and advanced the catheter several times, but pressure tracing showed the same pattern. And we could not obtain the pulmonary artery pressure. We decided to leave the PAC in the right ventricle. No ventricular arrhythmia was detected. Postoperative chest x-ray revealed that PAC traveled through inferior vena cava and looped in the hepatic vein with the tip of the catheter in the right ventricle. Under fluoroscopic guidance, PAC was inserted to the pulmonary artery. No sign of hepatic vein obstruction was detected.

The hemodynamic changes by different end-tidal CO2 under anesthesia using sevoflurane-N2O / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Hypercapnia augments cardiac output and can initiate a sympathetically mediated release of catecholamines to increase cardiac output. Many studies of hemodynamic changes by hypercapnia under general anesthesia with inhalation anesthetics besides sevoflurane. This study examined the hemodynamic changes by increasing end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) under sevoflurane-N2O anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty patients were enrolled in the study. We studied stable, mechanically ventilated patients under general anesthesia maintained with O2 2 L/min - N2O 2 L/min - sevoflurane (1.5-2.5 vol%). Hypercapnia were obtained by reducing tidal volume and respiratory rate. EtCO2 was adjusted to 30, 40, 50 mmHg with each concentration maintained for 15 min. Global hemodynamic variables were monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter. RESULTS: There were no changes in mean arterial pressure or heart rate by hypercapnia. Acute moderate hypercapnia increased cardiac output (4.9 +/- 1.7, 5.5 +/- 1.7, 6.2 +/- 2.1 L/min; P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When we changed patient EtCO2 to 30, 40, and 50 mmHg, there were no changes in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, but systemic vascular resistance decreased, and cardiac output, cardiac index and mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased significantly.

Entrapment and cutting of a pulmonary artery catheter : Two cases report

Case 1:A 59-year-old man underwent mitral valve replacement and Maze operation.Under general anesthesia, a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and superior vena cava (SVC) cannula were inserted.There were no complications during surgery.However, when the surgeons attempted to remove the PAC the next day there was resistance that caused the catheter to break during removal.A chest X ray revealed that the distal portion of the PAC remained in his heart.Therefore, the patient underwent surgery to remove the remnant catheter.Case 2:A 62-year-old man underwent mitral valvuloplasty.A PAC was inserted under general anesthesia.After the procedure, the patient was weaned off his cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).However, his pulmonary artery pressure could not be measured and an abnormal wave was observed. We attempted to re-insert the catheter, but were unsuccesful.An operation was conducted and the catheter was found to be tied at the septum of the right atrium.